2022_심화영어독해와작문

Pattern of Organization Q8 Check the pattern of organization evident in the first passage. ⓐ Cause and Effect ⓑ Chronological Order Q9 Find contrasting perspectives related to the fertility rates of different types of countries and the corresponding solutions proposed in the second passage. heroine abortion exceed reverse manipulate distract contribute resilient empowerment conversely shortage Find words which mean: • to change something to the opposite direction, order, position, or result: • to prevent someone from giving their full attention to something: Overpopulation and Underpopulation Policies The report cites cases in which population targets set by governments are pushing people toward reproductive choices they may not otherwise make. In Uzbekistan, for example, doctors have spoken to the international media about pressure to use sterilization to reduce the population rate, with the government arguing that poorer patients can’t afford more children. In Russia, “mother heroines” with large families receive financial incentives. Other countries, like Romania and the United States, have faced abortion restrictions. India proposed a two-child policy with sterilization incentives and penalties for exceeding family size limits. South Korea, which has the world’s lowest birth rate, is now offering families payments and other benefits to anyone who gives birth to a child. United Nations experts say these policies generally don’t work in the long term. “Such measures will not help in any meaningful way to reverse fertility trends,” said Michael Herrmann, senior adviser of economics and demography to the UNFPA. He told the press briefing that demographic changes might cause some of the challenges the world faces, but “manipulating population numbers” isn’t the solution, as these measures often only encourage people to have children earlier, not more of them. Fertility Rates Distract from Solutions Kanem said women in less-developed countries are often blamed for having too many children, while women in developed countries are blamed for having too few. “This fallacy holds the wrong people to account,” she said. “The countries with the highest fertility contribute the least to global warming and suffer most from its impacts.” According to Kanem, focusing only on fertility rates distracts from solutions such as reducing carbon emissions and consumption in wealthy countries. The report also said most experts today agree that “population changes are normal, and population sizes are neither good nor bad; what is needed are resilient systems that can respond to the needs of a population, no matter what its size.” That includes advancing gender equality overall. In high-fertility countries, the report said, “empowerment through education and family planning” will lead to economic growth. Conversely, in aging, low-fertility countries that are concerned about labor shortages, gender parity in the workforce is considered the most effective way to improve productivity and income growth. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 70 I Unit 3