2022_심화영어독해와작문

43 Lee: Nisbett: So where did formal logic come from? The story goes that Aristotle got sick of listening to lousy arguments in the market and at political assemblies. And one of the types of logic that he spoke about is syllogism * , which has premises and a conclusion. So, the premise might be all A ’s are B ’s. C is an A ; therefore, C is a B . That is a valid argument. Formal logic has been around since the time of Aristotle. However, in ancient China, there was no concern about formal logic. From my perspective, the nature of social relations determines the way of thinking in any society. In a broader context, I believe the origin of all these differences is economic. The way you earn a living determines your social relationships, which in turn determines the way you think. There is good evidence for this. For example, China is a land of plains with rivers running through them. It’s very well equipped for mass agriculture. In Greece, that’s impossible. Greece is full of mountains descending to the sea, so occupations there were more likely to be tending small farms, trading, or keeping animals. I imagine that’s because rice farming requires collective efforts among farmers to manage communal irrigation and coordinate the transplanting and harvesting of rice; by contrast, farming in Greece does not require as many collective, coordinated actions. Exactly. We’ve also found that farmers and fishermen in a small area of Turkey are holistic in their thinking, as compared to animal herders, who don’t have to depend on other people as much. In the same way, in Europe, the Industrial Revolution pushed Westerners and their respective cultures into an analytical direction because it created much more freedom of independent action. get sick of lousy argument premise valid perspective communal irrigation transplant herder respective Lee: Nisbett: Note * syllogism : a way of arguing in which two statements are used to prove that a third statement is true Find the part that helps you understand the meaning of the word “syllogism” (line 4). Compare and Contrast Q5 How are formal logic in ancient Greece and collective agriculture in China related? 5 10 15 20 25